While proton beams are becoming one of the most explored modalities for FLASH, heavier ions, like Helium and carbon ions have started to be considered as well, for exploiting potential specific advantages and opening at the same time new peculiar challenges.

This track covers all things FLASH that revolve around the use of protons and/or heavier ions. This includes aspects such as accelerator science, delivery challenges, radiation protection, specific treatment planning solutions,  dosimetry, specific biological response, biophysical modelling, outstanding challenges and future perspectives.